Information can be public among a group. Whether or not information is public matters, for example, for accounts of interdependent rational choice, of communication, and of joint intention. A standard analysis of public information identifies it with (some variant of) common belief. The latter notion is stipulatively defined as an infinite conjunction: for p to be commonly believed is for it to believed by all members of a group, for all members to believe that all members believe it, and so (...) forth. This analysis is often presupposed without much argument in philosophy. Theoretical entrenchment or intuitions about cases might give some traction on the question, but give little insight about why the identification holds, if it does. The strategy of this paper is to characterize a practical-normative role for information being public, and show that the only things that play that role are (variants of) common belief as stipulatively characterized. In more detail: a functional role for “taking a proposition for granted” in non-isolated decision making is characterized. I then present some minimal conditions under which such an attitude is correctly held. The key assumption links this attitude to beliefs about what is public. From minimal a priori principles, we can argue that a proposition being public among a group entails common commitment to believe among that group. Later sections explore partial converses to this result, the factivity of publicity and publicity from the perspective of outsiders to the group, and objections to the aprioricity of the result deriving from a posteriori existential presuppositions. (shrink)

In this essay, I propose a comprehension of the meaning of politics based on Martin Heidegger’s thinking. I will develop the idea of the political as essential displacement of humanity. This notion will be achieved precisely by understanding the Heideggerian interpretation of Polis [πόλις] as the historical place i.e. the “site of history” [Geschichtesstätte]. In order to establish my argument, I will focus not only on explicit references to the concept of Polis in his literature, but also on a brief (...) analysis of two key concepts presented in his work in the late 1930s: machination [Machenschaft] and lived-experience [Er-lebnis]. It is through these concepts, but also how, through them, a technicity and history are related, that I will delineate a context for the meaning of politics as essential displacement of humanity, which will thereby conform to the basic character of the techno-political being. Nevertheless, a reflection upon the meaning of politics leading to the characterisation of the human as a techno-political being will show itself as the question about the place of the philosopher, a way to put philosophy itself in question. (shrink)

Carla CANULLO Paco Editorial, Trad. Íris Fátima da Silva Uribe e Luis Uribe Miranda 2021 404 páginas. Jundiaí São, Brasil ISBN: 978-85-462-1999-5.

Resumo: A Lei 10.639/03 depositou diante do universo docente o desafio de propalar o Ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana, numa perspectiva contrária a visão eurocêntrica predominante até então. Cabia às Secretarias de Educação subsidiar as escolas, o que exigia formação de equipes aptas ao processo, bem como compreensão da lei e mudanças nas concepções de currículo e práxis dos/as educadores/as. O presente artigo vem apresentar justamente a caminhada da Secretaria Municipal de Educação no Município de Manaus/SEMED/MANAUS quanto (...) a inserção dos temas nas documentações. Apresenta a construção de uma Proposta Pedagógica Curricular/PPC, alinhada a lei. Contudo, traz a reflexão de que a mudança realizada na PPC é um avanço, mas não é garantia de disseminação de atitudes e conhecimentos necessários para a formação integral antirracista dos estudantes. A SEMED/MANAUS, reconhece que é necessário a mudança de postura dos educadores, por isso desde a implantação da referida PPC, realiza oficinas, formações e demais ações pertinentes a temática. Dessa forma conjectura-se que o trabalho dos/as professores tem caminhado na perspectiva da formação integral antirracista dos estudantes. Palavras chaves: Lei 10.639/03. Escola. Currículo. Educação integral antirracista. (shrink)

A common account sees the human genome sequencing project of the 1990s as a “natural outgrowth” of the deciphering of the double helical structure of DNA in the 1950s. The essay aims to complicate this neat narrative by putting the spotlight on the field of human chromosome research that flourished at the same time as molecular biology. It suggests that we need to consider both endeavors – the human cytogeneticists who collected samples and looked down the microscope and the molecular (...) biologists who probed the molecular mechanisms of gene function – to understand the rise of the human genome sequencing project and the current genomic practices. In particular, it proposes that what has often been described as the “molecularization” of cytogenetics could equally well be viewed as the turn of molecular biologists to human and medical genetics – a field long occupied by cytogeneticists. These considerations also have implications for the archives that are constructed for future historians and policy makers. (shrink)

For many years, scientific heritage has received attention from multiple actors from different spheres of activity—archives, museums, scientific institutions. Beyond the heterogeneity revealed when examining the place of scientific heritage in different places, an authentic patrimonial configuration emerges and takes the form of a nebula of claims and of accomplishments that result, in some cases, in institutional and political recognition at the national level, in various country all around the world. At the international level, the creation of the international committee (...) dedicated to University Museums and Collections within the International Council of Museums certainly testified from this raising interest in academic heritage and the existence of a specific community concern with it.This article presents numerous initiatives for the preservation of scientific heritage in France, with the goal of analysing the relationship scientists have with their heritage. We argue that scientific communities have a special relationship with heritage, which is characterized by a number of ambiguities. We show that such ambivalences allow analysis of identity, discipline, professional, and social issues operative in defining heritage and being redefined by heritage. To explore these dimensions, we have chosen to present three different case studies. The first traces the institutional uses of heritage by a scientific institution, the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique, through the transformation of the first French atomic reactor into a museum. The second example describes the initiatives of French astronomers from the mid-1990s to construct a national programme for the protection of astronomy heritage. Lastly, we recount the case of universities, with the example of the Université de Strasbourg. (shrink)

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Volume 45, Issue 3, Page 462-467, September 2022.

Violence -- Poliltical philosophy -- Critical theory -- Science and arts in international relations -- Psyche -- Aesthetics -- Tolstoi's War and peace.

This article discusses how the persistence of child labor, especially in Brazil and the United States of America, constitutes a current facet of neo-colonialism. Cultivated as an educational and dignifying activity, exploited child labor persists and is naturalized. Schools, religions, and the legislation contribute to making the working class come to love and naturalize what in the past was understood as torture and punishment, thus jointly acting as a fundamental means of forming a new cultural form: the love of work. (...) Initially, the article discusses how the culture of work is historically founded and then argues against the idealist and postmodern explanations that naturalize it. The argument is based on the understanding that culture has a material basis and is linked to the production and social reproduction of life. Data from the empirical research on child labor in tobacco farming in Brazil and the USA reveal the persistence of the problem among Latino children and families. We conclude with the need to found a new culture for contemporary society, based on other social and economic relations, which allows the working class to free itself from what dominates and exploits it. (shrink)

Cette étude analyse comment Kelsen, pour libérer le droit et la démocratie des traces de ce qu'il appelle les hypostases collectives ou la mythologie de l'âme collective, prend position face aux grandes théories de la sociologie et de la psychologie sociale de son temps. D'abord, il s'agira de montrer comment Kelsen critique les métaphores de l'âme collective ; ensuite, de montrer comment la pensée kelsénienne sur le droit et la démocratie essaie d'échapper aux problèmes liés à la métaphore de l'âme (...) collective. Cela peut laisser entrevoir quelques points communs entre la théorie de Kelsen et les théories contemporaines sur le droit et la démocratie libérées des prémisses de l'idée d'une communauté homogène. The aim of this essay is to analyse how Kelsen criticises the major theories of sociology and social psychology of his time in order to liberate law and democracy from what he calls collective hypostasis or the mythology of the "collective soul". The first part investigates how Kelsen criticises the metaphors of the collective soul. The second part addresses how Kelsen built a theory of law and democracy that sought to escape from problems correlated to the metaphors of the collective soul. The results enable the reader to glimpse some common points between Kelsen's ideas and contemporary projects to elaborate a theory of law and democracy released from the premises implicated by the idea of a uniform community. (shrink)

BackgroundAlthough a large number of clinical trials on interventions demonstrating efficacy (or lack thereof) are conducted annually, much of this evidence is not accessible to scientists and clinicians.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the publication rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trials that have been registered in clinical trial registries, and the factors associated with publication.MethodsTrials, completed on January 15, 2015, were identified via the US National Institutes of Health clinical trials registry, the European Union Clinical Trials Register and the WHO International (...) Clinical Trials Registry Platform. A systematic search for publications (published by the end of March 2018) related to each of the registered trials were then performed.ResultsFour hundred and thirty-eight of 1982 potentially eligible trials were included. Only 34% of interventional trials were registered prior to initiation, 9% were registered within 2 months of starting and 20% after trial completion. Of the 438 included trials, 72% had generated peer-reviewed publications, while an additional 7% had disseminated results in some other form (such as on the trial database), 26 months after trial completion. Randomisation of a trial was the only factor individually associated with publication, in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.001). Intervention type, university as sponsor and study registration prior to completion were factors that influenced the time to publication, using Cox regression (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study underscores the importance of timely and accurate publication and dissemination of trial results, in order to avoid the potential waste of resources and to ensure research integrity and patient safety. We suggest that authors and journal editors adhere to conditions set out by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and that more diligent data sharing is encouraged through prospective trial registration and trial reporting websites. (shrink)

Resenha do livro de Bauchwitz, Oscar Federico. A caminho do silêncio: a filosofia de Escoto Eriúgena . Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará, 2003. 130 páginas. [Coleçáo Metafísica, n. 1].

La acción de grupo presentada por causa del derrumbe del Relleno Sanitario Doña Juana, finalizó con un fallo del Consejo de Estado, en el que se aplicaron estándares de reparación integral en el año 2012, que ameritan un seguimiento y análisis. En esta investigación, se indagó si las medidas de justicia restaurativas aplicadas al relleno sanitario han sido efectivas para la población afectada; por lo cual se construyó una matriz descriptiva que da cuenta del estado de la garantía de derechos, (...) con los siguientes hallazgos: en cuanto a los perjuicios tasados no se pagó de manera oportuna la sentencia judicial, lo que se vinculó a una percepción de confusión por parte de los afectados, y continúan las vulneraciones a la intimidad familiar, a la recreación y utilización del tiempo libre, al medio ambiente sano y a la salud pública y, de manera indirecta, a los derechos civiles y políticos. (shrink)

Telling a patient that the outcome of his illness is not good, or even hopeless, requires sensitivity and the ability to communicate with him in the setting of a hospital which is an unnatural environment divorced from family and friends. It is a task which must be taught and learned by doctors and nurses.

Microstudies and big picture accounts are often counterposed. This paper investigates the supposed dichotomy between the two historiographical approaches. In particular it investigates how the discussions are reflected in the historiography of molecular biology and the special questions posed by the disciplinary context. Taking inspiration from the microhistory tradition as exemplified by the works of Carlo Ginzburg, Jacques Revel, and David Sabean among others, the paper highlights the heuristic value of microstudies to reconstruct the multiple contexts that link apparently small (...) events with broader structures. In a parallel fashion, the paper argues for using microstudies to open up the history of molecular biology to other fields of study and thus moving beyond the confines of the disciplinary framework. Such an approach does not dismiss the search for big pictures. Yet rather than opposing big pictures to microstudies, it sees microstudies as a valid way to gain new and broad vistas. (shrink)

The achievements of the textile industry in Roman Britain are often underestimated as a result of the meagreness of our available evidence. The Edict on maximum prices issued by Diocletian in A.D. 301 shows that British capes commanded high prices on the markets of the Empire, and that in the late third century A.D. British rugs were the best in the world. In view of the competition from the traditional centres of rug manufacture in the East, this is an astonishing (...) achievement. (shrink)